Human nutrition is endlessly fascinating.
Richard Wrangham argued that cooking made more energy available to humans than raw food.
Richard Wrangham, PhD author of the best-selling book Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human
https://www.drmcdougall.com/education/l ... ngham-phd/Gut microbiome also affects how food is digested or not digested, and what's available to us. And gut microbiome is very variable between people and within a persons lifespan.
The USDA and food industry measure calories independent of humans and human digestion. Calories are measured with a device known as the bomb calorimeter. A sample of food is placed in an airtight chamber - the 'bomb' - which is filled with pure oxygen and then placed in a tank of water. The food is ignited by an electric spark so it completely burns up.
Take away is calories is not a fixed number, from an individual human standpoint. Just eat your cooked starches until satisfied.